This study develops an integrated optimization model for vehicle-drone collaborative delivery in low-altitude logistics, incorporating heterogeneous social vehicles via a dynamic quotation and negotiation process. A hybrid heuristic framework combining mixed-integer programming and event-driven simulation is proposed to handle dynamic vehicle availability and pricing uncertainty. The approach coordinates dynamic pricing, capacity-aware grouping, and cost-sensitive routing decisions, effectively balancing delivery efficiency with operational costs to maximize profit in time-sensitive last-mile distribution.
Li et al. (2026) studied this question.