Event-Based performance modelling and Multi-Scale adoption pathways for Climate-Resilient buildings in High-Density urban environments

High–density cities are increasingly exposed to extreme climate events whose intensifying heatwaves, humidity episodes, typhoon–driven moisture loads, and rapid temperature drops (RTDs) exceed the assumptions embedded in typical–year design practice. This study develops a multi–scale adoption framework that integrates climate science, governance structures, neighbourhood morphology, and building–performance dynamics to support event–responsive, climate–resilient buildings in dense urban environments. The framework is constructed through a structured methodology and is illustrated using a scenario–based building–performance simulation (BPS) of a representative low–income flat in Hong Kong, a globally relevant case of high–rise, high–density subtropical housing. A previously validated model is used to simulate a typical summer week featuring an extreme heat event and a typical winter week containing the most significant RTD event, under both historical (2010–2019) and late–century SSP5–8.5 climates. The simulations show that passive and envelope–level summer interventions reduce peak indoor temperatures but cannot fully prevent overheating under late–century conditions, while winter interventions mitigate sub–18 °C exposure during Rapid Temperature Drops (RTDs) but do not eliminate cold–surge risks as RTD magnitudes intensify. These results highlight the limitations of typical–year design practice and demonstrate the value of event–based performance metrics such as exceedances of 28.2 °C and sub–18 °C thresholds for triggering assessment, design, and monitoring actions across scales. The framework clarifies how regional climate warnings cascade through neighbourhood microclimates to shape building–level exposure, and how workflow–aligned adoption pathways can support coordinated, multi–hazard resilience. While the framework spans the building, neighbourhood, and regional scales, the present study validates only the building–scale component; validation of upper–scale elements is identified as future work extending this study. Although the study emphasizes the building-scale component, its findings establish a structured basis for future work in multi-scale modelling, and the advancement of event-based design guidance in dense urban contexts.