Given the challenges posed by high groundwater levels, thick sand layers, and strong permeability in water-rich sandy strata, cut-off walls often fail to fully isolate the hydraulic connection between the inside and outside of a foundation pit. As a result, dewatering inside the pit—especially from confined aquifers—can cause significant external groundwater drawdown and subsequent ground settlement. Using a deep excavation conducted in Xiamen as a case study, this study developed a two-dimensional hydro-mechanical coupled finite element model to systematically investigate the effects of various dewatering scenarios and soil permeability coefficients on surface settlement around the pit, and to reveal settlement patterns induced by dewatering and excavation in such strata. Field monitoring data were incorporated to validate the numerical model, ensuring accuracy and reliability. Key findings include the following: (1) Dewatering contributes to over 76% of the total settlement at each stage, with confined drawdown being the dominant factor, implying that dewatering optimization should take priority over controlling excavation rate. (2) Under confined dewatering, the settlement influence zone extends beyond 80 m, far exceeding the extension caused by excavation alone; thus, monitoring and protection ranges must be adjusted dynamically. (3) The horizontal permeability of sand shows a nonlinear positive correlation with settlement, and this sensitivity grows with depth, highlighting the need for accurate permeability determination and stricter controls in deep excavations within water-rich sand layers. From an engineering perspective, these findings underscore the importance of prioritizing confined aquifer dewatering management, dynamically expanding settlement monitoring zones, and rigorously characterizing permeability profiles to mitigate excessive ground settlement and protect adjacent infrastructure.
Xu et al. (2026) studied this question.