Deep Learning Unlocks Behavioral Prediction and Neurobehavioral Decoding

ABSTRACT Forecasting behavior and uncovering its underlying neuronal mechanisms are two pivotal pillars in understanding biological behaviors. The former focuses on predicting future actions and patterns through observational data, whereas the latter delves into the neural circuits and computations that give rise to behavior. The integration of behavioral characterization with cerebral exploration lays a robust foundation, both theoretical and methodological. It enables the investigation of decision‐making processes, as well as the advancement of brain‐computer interfaces (BCIs). However, conventional approaches are plagued by inherent limitations: manually crafted features lack sufficient representational power, linear temporal models fail to capture complex dynamic patterns, and inflexible physical priors restrict generalizability. These drawbacks severely undermine predictive accuracy and real‐time performance, rendering traditional methodologies incapable of meeting the evolving demands of modern neuroscience and artificial intelligence. Deep learning has emerged as a revolutionary framework, excelling in high‐dimensional nonlinear modeling, capturing complex spatiotemporal dependencies, integrating multimodal information, and enabling cross‐scale representation learning through sophisticated hierarchical feature extraction, scalable training paradigms, and the integration of interpretable AI methodologies. This study systematically integrates philosophical and technological advancements in deep learning. The aim is twofold: to predict biological behavior, and to decode neural‐behavioral correlations. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of its applications in real‐time action forecasting, trajectory prediction in both closed and open‐world scenarios, and the elucidation of multi‐scale brain mechanisms. Furthermore, we evaluate the efficacy, benefits, and ongoing obstacles of example methodologies, offering insights to guide future multidisciplinary advancements at the convergence of neuroscience, artificial intelligence, and computational behavioral science.