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August 1, 1962Physical Review1,658 citations

Broken Symmetries

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JGJeffrey GoldstoneASAbdus SalamSWSteven Weinberg

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Abstract

Some proofs are presented of Goldstone's conjecture, that if there is continuous symmetry transformation under which the Lagrangian is invariant, then either the vacuum state is also invariant under the transformation, or there must exist spinless particles of zero mass.

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Goldstone et al. (1962) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a093abfb7dd28a06e161340https://doi.org/10.1103/physrev.127.965
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