ABSTRACT The disordered characteristic of waves and high humidity levels present significant challenges to the stable and efficient generating performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). The study proposes the continuous and stable output type TENG based on inertial energy storage for disordered wave energy harvesting (IES‐TENG). The generating unit integrates an inertial energy storage mechanism to enable continuous output. The moisture resistance is achieved by a highly airtight enclosure. The experimental results show that the energy conversion efficiency of the IES‐TENG dual‐inertial‐wheel parallel structure is approximately 22 times higher than that of the traditional TENG without inertial wheels. Under the wave frequency and amplitude of 2.5 Hz and 12 cm, the single‐cycle energy output can reach 1643.4 µJ, and the volumetric power density is 15.97 W/m 3 . In a wave tank environment, the open‐circuit voltage and transferred charge remain stable, and the average slope of the short‐circuit current peak is consistently maintained at approximately ‐1.88, indicating reliable output performance. The real ocean environment tests verify IES‐TENG can supply energy to the SOS warning light, temperature‐humidity sensors, and wireless light intensity sensors. This work presents a promising and reliable solution for harvesting high‐entropy blue energy and enabling a stable power supply for wireless sensor networks.
Hao et al. (2026) studied this question.