The valorization of lignocellulosic biomass has emerged as a pivotal strategy for developing sustainable, low-impact, and multifunctional materials. A diverse array of agricultural, agro-industrial, and aquatic residues, including Alfa fibers (Stipa tenacissima) (AF), argan nut shells, sunflower oil cake, sugarcane bagasse, vine shoots, hemp stalks, giant reed (Arundo donax L.), ground Juncus stems, garlic skins, eggplant plant (Solanum melongena L.), cactus fruits, coffee grounds, silverleaf nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium), as well as green and red macroalgae and Aegagropila linnaei, serve as renewable feedstocks with unique chemical compositions and hierarchical structures. This review highlights illustrative case studies demonstrating the transformation of these biomasses into high-value materials. Macro-, micro-, and nanocellulose were extracted and employed to fabricate robust paper-based architectures, transparent polymeric films, and hybrid nanocomposites, exhibiting enhanced mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties. Functionalization strategies and hybridization enabled the development of efficient cellulose-based adsorbents for wastewater treatment, capable of removing dyes, heavy metals, and emerging contaminants with high capacity and selectivity. In agriculture, cellulose- and lignin-derived coatings and hydrogels were engineered for slow-release fertilizers, improving nutrient uptake, soil moisture management, and plant growth. Furthermore, the conversion of biomass into hard carbon, exemplified by Stipa tenacissima fibers, provided tunable anode materials for sodium-ion batteries with high reversible capacity, excellent cycling stability, and low charge transfer resistance. Collectively, these studies underscore the versatility of local biomass as a feedstock for eco-friendly materials and energy storage solutions, emphasizing structure-property-application relationships and offering pathways for scalable implementation within a circular bioeconomy framework.
Achaby et al. (2026) studied this question.