Safety in coal mining remains a major concern due to the hazardous nature of underground and opencast mining operations. Mining workers are exposed to risks such as roof collapse, methane explosions, fire outbreaks, coal dust inhalation, machinery-related accidents, and occupational health disorders. The present study focuses on the development and implementation of an effective Safety Management System (SMS) in Indian coal mines with special emphasis on hazard identification, risk assessment, and control strategies. The research adopts a descriptive and exploratory methodology based on secondary data collected from Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS) reports, published literature, and mining case studies. A semi-quantitative risk assessment framework involving consequence, probability, and exposure analysis was used to classify mining hazards according to severity levels. The study highlights the importance of engineering controls such as ventilation systems, roof bolting, and gas monitoring, along with administrative controls including safety training, standard operating procedures, and permit-to-work systems. The role of personal protective equipment (PPE) and safety culture in minimising occupational accidents is also emphasised. Findings indicate that the effectiveness of an SMS depends on continuous monitoring, management commitment, worker participation, and strict compliance with safety regulations. The integration of modern monitoring technologies and proactive safety approaches can significantly reduce accident rates and improve overall mine safety performance in India.
Kishore et al. (2026) studied this question.