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= 50-99), we particularly observe robust family spillover effects for flu vaccination. Having a higher-educated partner is associated with a higher likelihood of vaccination for both men and women. Additionally, for women, having middle- or higher-educated parents is linked to higher flu vaccination uptake, whereas for men, having middle-educated parents-in-law shows the strongest association with participation in seasonal flu vaccination. Overall, these findings provide a foundation for future research on family spillover effects, highlighting the role of the female lineage in shaping intergenerational patterns of flu vaccination, a preventive healthcare practice with collective benefits, including at the family level.
Delaruelle et al. (2026) studied this question.