Cardiac evaluation strategies for competitive athletes returning to sport after COVID-19 infection should be tailored to illness severity to screen for occult myocardial injury and inflammation.
Does formoterol inhaled via Aerolizer at different flow rates improve FEV1 after exercise in children with exercise-induced asthma?
Formoterol delivered via Aerolizer shows a flow-dependent protective effect against exercise-induced asthma in children, questioning its applicability in this population; separately, the editorial provides guidance on cardiac evaluation for athletes returning to sport after COVID-19.
The output and size distribution of aerosols from dry powder inhalers are dependent on the flow rate through the device. Therefore, in an in vivo study, we examined the flow-dependency of the effect of formoterol when delivered from a dry powder inhaler, the Aerolizer, in a flow range relevant to schoolchildren. In a preliminary study comprising 126 asthmatic children aged 3-10 yrs, the relationship between age and peak inspiratory flow (PIF) rate through the Aerolizer was determined. Mean PIF was 104 L.min-1 and all children aged > 5 yrs performed a PIF > 60 L.min-1. Sixteen children aged 8-15 yrs with exercise-induced asthma (EIA) took part in the main trial comparing the protective effect of 12 micrograms formoterol inhaled at 60 and 120 L.min-1. The effect from high and low inspiratory flow was judged from the protective effect against EIA 12 h after drug administration. The decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) after exercise was 34% on the placebo day, but only 15% when formoterol was inhaled at the high flow rate. This difference was statistically significant. The decrease in FEV1 was 23% after treatment with formoterol inhaled at the low flow rate, that was not significantly different from placebo or from high-flow formoterol treatment. These clinical findings correspond with the in vitro findings of flow-dependent fine particle mass from the Aerolizer, and corroborate the relationship between fine particle mass of aerosol and clinical effect. The results indicate a flow-dependent effect of formoterol dry powder inhaled from the Aerolizer, within the range of inspiratory flow rate obtainable by school-children. This questions its applicability in children with asthma.
Baggish et al. (2020) conducted an editorial in COVID-19 in competitive athletes. Cardiac evaluation strategies was evaluated. Cardiac evaluation strategies for competitive athletes returning to sport after COVID-19 infection should be tailored to illness severity to screen for occult myocardial injury and inflammation.