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The application of artificial intelligence in education and scientific research offers significant opportunities for enhancing learning personalization, analytics, and the efficiency of research processes, while simultaneously raising complex ethical and legal issues. This paper examines the ethical and legal aspects of the use of artificial intelligence in teaching, assessment, and scientific research, with particular attention to the fairness of algorithmic decision-making, system transparency and explainability, data protection and privacy, academic integrity, and the preservation of human responsibility. The paper highlights the risks associated with automated assessment and the potential erosion of teachers’ professional autonomy, as well as methodological challenges related to the use of artificial intelligence in research, including bias, verifiability of results, authorship, and mandatory disclosure of AI use. It concludes that sustainable and ethically justified implementation of artificial intelligence requires a human-in-the-loop approach, clear institutional policies, transparent documentation, and continuous oversight, in order to align technological innovation with the fundamental values of education and science.
Narančić et al. (2026) studied this question.