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This study compared three conceptualizations of acculturation orientations (i.e., contact, adoption, and identification) in two samples of ethnic minority members ( N= 290) in Belgium. In line with the hypotheses, these conceptualizations yielded substantially different distributions of participants across four acculturation orientations (i.e., integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization): Integration was the most popular orientation according to the contact conceptualization, but separation was the most popular one according to the adoption and identification conceptualization.
Snauwaert et al. (2003) studied this question.