Passive avoidance learning in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders.

Research on passive avoidance l arning has demonstrated reliabledifferences b tween psychopaths and controls when avoidance rrors result in electric shock but not in loss of money (Schmauk, 1970). Using monetary punishments, Newman, Widom, and Nathan (1985) found that psychopathic delinquents performed more poorly than controls in an experimental paradigm employing mone-tary reward as well as the avoidance contingency. The present study was conducted toreplicate and extend these findings using adult psychopaths and a computer controlled task. Sixty white male prisoners were assigned to groups using Hares (1980) Psychopathy Checklist and administered a go/no-go discrimination task involving monetary incentives. One condition entailed competing reward and punishment contingencies; the other, two punishment contingencies. Aspredicted, psy-chopaths made significantly more passive avoidance errors than nonpsychopaths when the task con-mined competing goals (/9 .05) but performed as well as controls when the subjects only goal was avoiding punishment. Results corroborate earlier findings that psychopaths are relatively poor at learning to inhibit reward-seeking behavior that results in monetary punishment. Passive avoidance l arning plays a prominent role in current theories of psychopathic behavior (e.g., Blackburn, 1983;