This manuscript is a preprint that has been submitted to a peer-reviewed journal and is currently under review. It is shared for early academic dissemination and has not yet undergone final journal publication. The study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of three widely used blockchain consensus algorithms: Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS). The analysis evaluates key performance factors including energy consumption, security, scalability (transaction throughput), decentralization level, transaction confirmation time, and real-world adoption rate. Based on findings from peer-reviewed literature and empirical on-chain data, PoW provides the highest level of security but has extremely high energy consumption (over 150 TWh annually). PoS significantly reduces energy usage by approximately 99.9% compared to PoW while maintaining security through economic incentives. DPoS offers the highest scalability in terms of transactions per second but introduces trade-offs in decentralization.
Fawad et al. (2026) studied this question.