The paper presents a mathematical model and the results of numerical simulation of the high-pressure fast-filling process of type 3 composite pressure vessels with hydrogen. The model is based on a system of ordinary differential equations describing mass and energy balances, accounting for the real gas properties (compressibility factor), as well as the non-steady-state heat conduction equation for the multilayer vessel shell. The influence of various gas supply modes—with constant and decreasing mass flow rates – on the dynamics of pressure and temperature changes inside the vessel is investigated. A quantitative analysis was conducted for type 3 cylinders with various material combinations: a standard aluminum liner (AMg6) with reinforcing microplastic and an alternative version made of corrosion-resistant steel (12Kh18N10T) in combination with high-strength carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP). It was established that the cylindrical geometry and thermophysical properties of the selected materials significantly affect the heat transfer intensity and the final thermal state of the shell. The results obtained allow for the optimization of fueling parameters to prevent hydrogen overheating above the permissible safety limit (358 K) and to reduce the filling time of cylinders under the conditions of modern hydrogen refueling stations.
Demchenko et al. (2026) studied this question.