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An online, data-driven algorithm for tracking voltage sensitivity in active distribution networks is presented. This algorithm, based on power flow analysis and recursive least squares with a forgetting factor (FFRLS), extracts voltage sensitivity from measurement data. Its adaptive nature ensures accuracy despite changing operating conditions. Outlier mitigation with the Isolation Forest algorithm enhances the method’s reliability. Simulation results on a 33-node test system validate the approach’s effectiveness.
Yang et al. (2025) studied this question.