Teacher Practices, Equity, and Female Students’ Learning Experiences in Secondary Physics: Findings from a Multiple Case Study

Girls remain significantly underrepresented in Physics, a phenomenon linked to sociocultural barriers, classroom dynamics, and stereotyped perceptions of scientific competence. This multiple case study investigates how girl-friendly teaching strategies are implemented in secondary Physics classrooms and how female students experience these practices. Three 10th grade Physics and Chemistry teachers and their respective classes participated in the study (one class per teacher). Data were collected through a diagnostic test, non-participant classroom observations, semi-structured interviews with female students, and teachers’ questionnaires. There are substantial differences between classes in terms of the implementation of inclusive practices and their impact on girls’ engagement and performance. The two classes in which teachers employed a wider range of girl-friendly strategies, such as equitable feedback, contextualized examples, socio-scientific tasks, and supportive teacher–student interactions, showed higher autonomy and stronger performance among girls. In contrast, in the class where fewer strategies were implemented, girls were relegated to passive roles, reported lower confidence, and demonstrated weaker diagnostic test results. Overall, findings suggest that consistent use of inclusive pedagogical strategies can contribute to reducing the gender gap in Physics by fostering participation, confidence, and interest among female students. Given the small sample size (three teachers and their respective classes), findings should be interpreted as exploratory and context-specific rather than generalizable.