Rapid atrial activation induces atrial remodeling, primarily via reduced L-type Ca2+ current, contributing to atrial dysfunction, therapy resistance, and progression of paroxysmal to chronic AF.
This review highlights that atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation through rapid rate-induced electrophysiological remodeling, primarily driven by altered calcium channel function.
One of the most exciting developments in our understanding of atrial fibrillation (AF) over the last several years has been the recognition that AF itself modifies atrial electrical properties in a way that promotes the occurrence and maintenance of the arrhythmia, a process termed 'atrial remodeling'. The principle stimulus for AF-induced atrial remodeling is the rapid atrial rate that results: rapid regular atrial pacing produces changes similar to those caused by AF in animal models. The mechanisms of atrial tachycardia-induced remodeling have been extensively explored, and involve changes in atrial electrophysiology associated with altered ion channel function. The most important ionic change is a reduction in L-type Ca2+ current, which reduces action potential duration (APD) and APD adaptation to rate. AF-induced changes in ion channel function appear to be due both to rapid voltage- and time-dependent alterations in channel availability caused by tachycardia and to slower downregulation of messenger RNA concentrations encoding alpha-subunits of specific ion channels. Atrial remodeling likely contributes importantly to a wide variety of clinical phenomena of previously unrecognized mechanism, including atrial dysfunction after cardioversion of AF, the increasing resistance to therapy of longer-standing AF, the association of AF with other forms of supraventricular tachyarrhythmia and the tendency of paroxysmal AF to become chronic. The present paper reviews the state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms and clinical consequences for AF of atrial remodeling caused by rapid atrial activation.
Stanley Nattel (1999) conducted a review in Atrial fibrillation. Rapid atrial activation was evaluated. Rapid atrial activation induces atrial remodeling, primarily via reduced L-type Ca2+ current, contributing to atrial dysfunction, therapy resistance, and progression of paroxysmal to chronic AF.