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Methods are presented for the calculation of the deflections at working loads, the ultimate lateral resistance, and moment distribution for laterally loaded single piles and pile groups. Both unrestrained and restrained piles have been considered. The lateral deflections have been calculated using the concept of a coefficient of subgrade reaction. The ultimate lateral resistance has been evaluated. The results from the proposed methods of analysis have been compared with available test data. Satisfactory agreement was found at working loads between measured and calculated deflections and between measured and calculated maximum bending moments.
Bengt B. Broms (1964) studied this question.