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This article provides a qualitative review of the trait perspective in leadership research, followed by a meta-analysis.The authors used the five-factor model as an organizing framework and meta-analyzed 222 correlations from 73 samples.Overall, the correlations with leadership were Neuroticism ϭ Ϫ.24, Extraversion ϭ .31,Openness to Experience ϭ .24,Agreeableness ϭ .08,and Conscientiousness ϭ .28. Results indicated that the relations of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, and Conscientiousness with leadership generalized in that more than 90% of the individual correlations were greater than 0. Extraversion was the most consistent correlate of leadership across study settings and leadership criteria (leader emergence and leadership effectiveness).Overall, the five-factor model had a multiple correlation of .48 with leadership, indicating strong support for the leader trait perspective when traits are organized according to the five-factor model.
Judge et al. (2002) studied this question.