This paper presents a Multi-Level Priority-Based Smart Energy Management System (SEMS) for residential solar photovoltaic (PV) systems integrated with battery storage. The proposed system classifies residential loads into critical and non-critical categories and employs a rule-based control algorithm to manage power distribution based on real-time solar generation, battery state of charge (SOC), and load demand. Simulation results demonstrate improved energy efficiency and reliable power delivery to critical loads.
Tiwari et al. (2026) studied this question.