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Experimentation regarding various aspects of a technique for recording electrocardiographic potentials from unprepared skin, without the use of conventional paste, is described. Because of the relatively high skin-to-electrode impedances encountered without electrolytic paste, high input impedance amplifiers must be utilized for acquisition of the signal. In order to minimize susceptibility to external electrostatic and electromagnetic interference, an inherent problem with high input impedance amplifiers, buffer amplifiers were incorporated directly within the electrode housing. Of the different metals tested, stainless steel proved to be the most stable skin contact material for pasteless operation. The integrated electrode-buffer amplifiers described comply with specifications of the American Heart Association and should prove useful as a direct replacement for conventional paste-type electrodes in existing clinical EKG equipment as well as for long-term applications such as space missions and intensive-care-unit patient monitoring, where frequent attention to the electrodes is inconvenient.
Bergey et al. (1971) studied this question.