Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is commonly observed for propeller-like luminogens with aromatic rotors and stators. Herein, we report that a coumarin derivative containing a seven-membered aliphatic ring (CD-7) but no rotors showed typical AIE characteristics, whereas its analogue with a five-membered aliphatic ring (CD-5) exhibited an opposite aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect. Experimental and theoretical results revealed that a large aliphatic ring in CD-7 weakens structural rigidity and promotes out-of-plane twisting of the molecular backbone to drastically accelerate nonradiative excited-state decay, thus resulting in poor emission in solution. The restriction of twisting motion in aggregates blocks the nonradiative decay channels and enables CD-7 to fluoresce strongly. The results also show that AIE is a general phenomenon and not peculiar to propeller-like molecules. The AIE and ACQ effects can be switched readily by the modulation of molecular rigidity.
Bu et al. (2015) studied this question.