Next-generation wearable neuromonitoring technologies: signal acquisition, modalities, and clinical relevance

This narrative review, based on a non-systematic survey of the current literature, summarizes the current landscape of wearable neuromonitoring modalities—specifically high-density surface electromyography, in-ear electroencephalography, and flexible epidermal sensors. We outline their signal acquisition principles, technical advantages, and potential clinical relevance in scenarios such as postoperative spinal care, stroke neurorehabilitation, and Parkinson’s disease tracking. Furthermore, we discuss artificial intelligence as an emerging tool for processing high-dimensional wearable data, noting that many of these applications remain at an early or exploratory stage. Finally, we address key translational hurdles, including sensor biocompatibility and protocol standardization, that must be resolved to successfully integrate these wearable technologies into routine neurological assessment.