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Metal-organic frameworks, composed of organic linkers coordinated to metal ions or clusters, have emerged as a significant class of hybrid materials in coordination chemistry with growing impact in biomedical science. Their tunable chemistry, high porosity, and modular design enable efficient drug loading, controlled release, targeted therapy, and advanced bioimaging, positioning MOFs as versatile platforms for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Their biodegradability, low toxicity, and structural adaptability further enhance their suitability for bioimaging, drug delivery, cancer therapy, biosensing, and tissue engineering. The large surface area, adjustable pore sizes, and chemical flexibility of MOFs complement their biocompatibility, collectively supporting their promise for clinical translation. This comprehensive review focuses on the various methods of MOFs synthesis with a special emphasis on major biological applications. In addition, the future scope of MOF-based biomedical technologies is discussed alongside emerging concerns related to toxicity, stability, and practical challenges. These insights aim to guide the development of safe, effective, and scalable MOFs for next-generation biomedical applications.
Katke et al. (2025) studied this question.