: 3-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1→6)-β-D-galactopyranoside, spinasterol, stigmast-7-en-3β-ol, and malic acid. Notably, extracts restored IMQ-induced keratinocyte proliferation to baseline, with efficacy comparable to dexamethasone. Cytotoxicity was generally low; however, hexane extracts from WFV-callus exhibited higher toxicity (. These findings highlight callogenesis as a promising and sustainable biotechnological strategy for metabolite enhancement and bioactivity modulation.
Gelves et al. (2026) studied this question.