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Quantitative velocity measurements of unsteady convection in a Bénard cell suddenly cooled from above to a supercritical Rayleigh number are reported. The results are obtained by a novel application of laser speckle photography adapted for the study of fluid dynamics. This technique allows two-dimensional full-field velocity information to be obtained solely from a selected plane within the volume of moving liquid at any given instant in time. The convective rolls are found to be regular and oriented parallel to the short side of the cell. The number of rolls within the cell is approximately twice as great as the number reported for steady conditions. The maximum vertical velocity distribution is observed to be a sinusoidal function of the horizontal distance with a detectable third-harmonic component.
Simpkins et al. (1978) studied this question.