• Developed a Water–Energy–Carbon Coupling Index (WECCI) framework integrating aeration control and renewable energy. • Quantified trade-offs between water quality, energy efficiency, and GHG emissions in WWTPs. • Identified low-DO/high-NH 3 -N regions as GHG emission hotspots using mixed-effects modeling. • Demonstrated robust scenario optimization using WECCI–TOPSIS under diverse policy priorities. • Proposed techno-economic hybrid renewable energy configurations achieving up to 30.1% energy self-sufficiency.
Shim et al. (2026) studied this question.
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