RESEARCHperipheral blood, umbilical cord, or bone marrow.MSCs, which emerge from the fetal mesodermal layer, are also seen in various adult tissues such as dental stem cells (DSCs), liver stem cells, and skin stem cells. 2 Among DSC, those from exfoliated teeth are the most favored due to their noninvasive and painless method of collection.These cells play a vital role in tooth regeneration, repair, and biological restoration. 4 IntroductIonThe human body carries out numerous essential functions for survival and upkeep, one of which is the ability to heal and regenerate after injury or illness.This ability is made possible by a special group of undifferentiated cells called stem cells.Present in all the multicellular organisms, stem cells are capable of multiplying, producing identical copies of themselves, and transforming into various specialized cell types. 1 Due to these properties, stem cells help significantly in the repair and regeneration of tissues and are being explored as potential treatments for multiple diseases such as Alzheimer's, heart disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, Parkinson's, and muscle degenerative conditions. 2 Stem cells are categorized based on their ability to differentiate-totipotent, pluripotent, or multipotent-as well as their source: Either embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or adult stem cells (ASCs).ESCs are attained from blastocysts that are 4-5 days old; they are pluripotent, meaning they can give rise to stable cell lines and can become cells of mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm. 3dult stem cells include both hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).HSCs can be isolated from 1-
Porkodi et al. (2026) studied this question.