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June 3, 20260 citationsOpen Access

Resonance Ring Geometry of Disk Galaxies from an 3-Sphere Acceleration Floor

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DBDaniel Banasik

Key Points

  • The aim is to explore the resonance ring geometry in disk galaxies influenced by an acceleration floor.
  • Three nested observational tests were conducted using S⁴G catalogs with sample sizes of N = 112, N = 1,112, and N ≈ 1,000.
  • Test Level 1 analyzed ring ratios using ARRAKIS ring radii.
  • Levels 2 and 3 examined structures by ordering outer ring presence and bar strength across the full arm-classified sample.
  • Level 1 found flocculent galaxies conform to predictions with p = 0.99; deviations explained by K < √2 in inner disks (Spearman ρ = −0.50, p < 0.0001).
  • Level 2 confirmed outer ring ordering (G > M > F) with chi-square p < 0.0001 despite Hubble-type confounds.
  • Level 3 confirmed bar strength ordering (G > M, p < 0.001), with inconclusive results for G ≈ F in late-type barred irregulars.

Abstract

This record contains the complete source package for the paper Resonance Ring Geometry of Disk Galaxies from an S³ Acceleration Floor (Banasik 2026). The S³ acceleration floor a* = c²/πR — the potential gradient of a closed three-sphere of cosmic radius R — forces asymptotically flat rotation curves, which in turn fix the epicyclic-to-orbital frequency ratio K (r) = κₑpi/Ω → √2 in the outer disk. Applying the Lindblad resonance condition to the full radial K (r) profile derived from the two-channel master formula yields a parameter-free resonance spectrum rₘ = r₀ (1 ∓ √2/m) in the floor-dominated outer disk, and a generalised condition rILR/rOLR = (1 − KILR/m) / (1 + KOLR/m) in the inner disk. Flat rotation curves, ring resonance structure, and galactic shells are shown to share a single geometric origin in a* = c²/πR. Observational tests Three nested tests are reported at increasing sample size using publicly available S⁴G catalogs (Comerón et al. 2014; Buta et al. 2015; Salo et al. 2015): Level 1 (N = 112): ring ratio rᵢnner/rₒuter tested against ARRAKIS ring radii × Elmegreen arm classifications. Flocculent galaxies (m = 4) consistent with the floor prediction at p = 0. 99; deviations for grand-design galaxies explained by K M > F confirmed across the full arm-classified S⁴G sample (chi-square p M confirmed (p < 0. 001) ; G ≈ F inconclusive due to late-type barred irregulars; reported honestly. This paper is the third in the Wave Theory series. Companion papers: GOGD (Zenodo 10. 5281/zenodo. 20140822) and Physical Constants (Zenodo 10. 5281/zenodo. 20385871).

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Cite This Study

Daniel Banasik (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a1fc696dee9eb8c0dce7970https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20488790
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