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The two-scale (small irregularities superimposed upon large undulations) scattering theory proposed by Semyonov has been extended and used to compute microwave apparent temperature and the backscattering cross section from ocean surfaces. The effect of the small irregularities upon the scattering characteristics of the large undulations is included by modifying the Fresnel reflection coefficients; whereas the effect of the large undulations upon those of the small irregularities is taken into account by averaging over the surface normals of the large undulations.
Wu et al. (1972) studied this question.