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openings for radial, nonradial, and multiple nozzle arrangements are covered, as is designing their thermal sleeves which are vital to vessel thermal-shock protection.Stresses in bolts and the design of bolted and nonbolted closures receive extensive treatment as do the use of crack arrest features to negate brittle fracture potential.Vessel support skirts, saddles, and attachments impose both structural and thermal loadings that must be reconciled with the vessel pressure stresses.
Petroski et al. (1986) studied this question.