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June 4, 2026Applied Sciences0 citationsOpen Access

Comparison Between Wearable Devices for Assessing Running Biomechanics: A Reliability and Reproducibility Analysis

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AAAlejandro Alda-BlancoUniversity of Castilla-La ManchaJSJuan José SalineroUniversity of Castilla-La ManchaSRSergio Rodríguez-BarberoUniversity of Castilla-La Mancha

Key Points

  • This research aims to assess the reliability and reproducibility of biomechanical variables from two different wearable devices.
  • Thirteen trained male runners participated in four treadmill sessions separated by seven days, each with four trials.
  • Reliability and reproducibility were measured using intraclass correlation coefficients, standard error of measurement, and coefficient of variation.
  • Devices evaluated included a foot-mounted inertial measurement unit and a trunk-mounted triaxial accelerometer.
  • Both devices showed excellent intra-session reliability (ICC ≥ 0.90).
  • The inertial measurement unit had high inter-session reproducibility for running power and step frequency (ICC = 0.906–0.992).
  • The trunk-mounted accelerometer had excellent reproducibility for spatiotemporal variables but only good for impact-related ones (ICC = 0.823–0.871).

Abstract

Background: This study evaluated the reliability and reproducibility of biomechanical variables from a foot-mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU; Stryd®) and a trunk-mounted triaxial accelerometer (TTA; RunEASI®) during treadmill running. Methods: Thirteen trained male runners (age: 27.6 ± 8.2 years; body mass: 64.4 ± 6.1 kg; height: 174.2 ± 6.4 cm) completed four treadmill sessions separated by seven days, each with four 5-min trials at 13 km·h−1. Reliability and reproducibility were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), standard error of measurement (SEM), smallest worthwhile change (SWC) and coefficient of variation (CV). Results: Both devices showed excellent intra-session reliability (ICC ≥ 0.90). Inter-session reproducibility was high for the IMU in running power, step frequency, and ground contact time (ICC = 0.906–0.992; CV = 0.31–1.50%); the TTA showed excellent reproducibility for the spatiotemporal variables—step frequency, ground contact time, and flight ratio (ICC = 0.931–0.956), whereas impact-related variables showed only good reproducibility (ICC = 0.823–0.871; CV up to 7.76%). Mean step frequency values were similar between devices, but trial-to-trial agreement was limited (r = 0.447; R2 = 0.20; Bland–Altman bias = 0.70 steps·min−1, LoA: −15.08 to 16.47), and ground contact time showed systematic discrepancies, with the TTA underestimating values (bias = 16.86 ms, LoA: −45.64 to 11.92). Conclusions: Both sensors provide consistent measurements within their own systems; however, differences in sensing location produce different absolute values, so they should not be used interchangeably and interpretation must remain device-specific.

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Cite This Study

Alda-Blanco et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a2117bfd499ed480b17096ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/app16115526
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