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Cookie disclaimers are these days an indispensable part of surfing and working on the Internet. In this work, we report on examining and classifying the cookie disclaimers on the 500 most popular websites in Germany, based on the presented information about data collection via cookies and the provided choices at the cookie disclaimer. Our analysis results in 13 categories of cookie disclaimers, consisting of six main categories and additional subcategories. Our findings include that dark pattern based categories were prevalent among the cookie disclaimers: e.g. (1) more than 85% of the investigated websites providing a cookie disclaimer and giving the option to reject cookies are visually nudging users towards accepting all cookies; (2) Only 21.5% of those providing a cookie disclaimer offer a reject-all option with a single click. We discuss our results and conclude that both raising user awareness as well as addressing dark patterns from a legal point of view is needed.
Krisam et al. (2021) studied this question.