Assessing barriers to Ecosystem-based Adaptation: application to tropical islands

First, this article proposes a structured and transferable analytical framework to describe and assess the barriers to Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA), as part of broader Nature-based Solutions (NbS).This analytical framework addresses two major gaps highlighted by scholars and practitioners, respectively the lack of understanding and the lack of assessment of adaptation barriers.It comprises four dimensions combined in an iterative process enabling the monitoring and final assessment of the barriers arising during an adaptation process.These dimensions are the nature of barriers (categories and subcategories), their origins (objective vs subjective, level of occurrence, and adaptation-specificity), their impacts on the adaptation process, and their temporalities.