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A one-dimensional gas of electrons interacting with long-range Coulomb forces V (r) 1/r is investigated. The excitation spectrum consists of separate collective charge and spin modes. For arbitrarily weak Coulomb repulsion density correlations at wave vector 4k₅ decay extremely slowly and are best described as those of a one-dimensional Wigner crystal. Pinning of the Wigner crystal then leads to the nonlinear transport properties characteristic of charge density waves. The results allow a consistent interpretation of the plasmon and spin excitations observed in one-dimensional semiconductor structures, and suggest an interpretation of some of the observed features in terms of ``spinons. ''
H. J. Schulz (1993) studied this question.