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Every new generation of mobile systems should provide higher capacity, serve more users, be more energy efficient, and have lower cost. Radio-access hardware constitutes a major bottleneck for reaching these goals, which is a particularly noticeable issue now that 5G communication systems are being developed. A combination of breakthroughs in communication theory-as in massive multiple input/multiple output (MIMO) 1, highly integrated semiconductor and packaging technologies, and extended spectrum allocations- has enabled a paradigm shift in the way radio hardware will be realized. Today's high-power, fewantenna, sectorized systems will soon be replaced with highly integrated active antenna systems having up to hundreds of individually driven low-power radios operating with very wideband signals.
Fager et al. (2019) studied this question.