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The McDonnell Douglas Automation Company (MCAUTO™), which is a division of the McDonnell Douglas Corporation, provides data processing services to the other divisions within the corporation as well as nationwide commercial data-processing services. Each division of McDonnell Douglas has its own systems analysts for business applications. The systems analysts determine user requirements and develop appropriate application system designs. Specifications for the system designs usually include a prose overview, descriptions of input and output files, screen layouts, report layouts, and logic specifications, MCAUTO personnel may assist the divisional analysis with the specifications or may develop the system designs. In either case, MCAUTO personnel are responsible for refining the system deisgn, program design as necessary, coding, testing, and writing documentation necessary for the operation and maintenance of the systems. Thus programmers in MCAUTO are presented with system specifications of varying levels of detail, in which any two systems may be defined at different levels of detail, especially with reference to program logic.
Paul Van Leer (1976) studied this question.