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Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilatorassociated pneumonia (VAP) are the most common hospitalacquired infections in China.The difficulty in diagnosis and treatment of HAP/VAP leads to high mortality.In China, it has been nearly two decades since the initial "Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hospital-acquired Pneumonia (draft)" was published in 1999 (1).Afterwards,
Shi et al. (2019) studied this question.