The Right to Privacy in The Digital Age: Legal Challenges and Human Rights Implications

The digital revolution has fundamentally transformed human interaction, commerce, governance, and communication. With approximately 5.4 billion internet users worldwide and more than 2.5 quintillion bytes of data generated daily, privacy has become the most contested human right of the twenty-first century. This article undertakes a comparative legal study of the right to privacy in the digital age across ten major jurisdictions, analysing constitutional frameworks, key legislation, surveillance data, and documented violations. Drawing on empirical data from international reports and regulatory records, it demonstrates that the existing legal architecture is structurally fragmented, technologically outpaced, and unevenly enforced. The article examines landmark judicial decisions, emerging legislative developments, and threats from artificial intelligence, biometric surveillance, and cross-border data flows, proposing a rights-based framework for meaningful privacy protection in the digital era.