The increasing penetration of photovoltaic (PV) systems in agricultural irrigation poses significant challenges in terms of energy self-sufficiency and operational cost, particularly when installed capacity is insufficient to cover pumping demand. This comparative study evaluates the energy and economic performance of three storage-based configurations applied to a real PV-powered irrigation system, using a PV capacity of 112 kWp as a common baseline. The methodology combines hourly energy balance modelling with linear programming optimization, implemented under both a grid energy minimization objective and a net cost minimization objective, within a model predictive control framework. Three scenarios are compared against a passive reference case: battery storage integration (Scenario 1), reservoir-based hydraulic storage (Scenario 2), and a combined electrical and hydraulic storage configuration (Scenario 3). Results show that system performance is strongly conditioned by the chosen objective function. When self-sufficiency is prioritized, Scenario 3 achieves the greatest reduction in grid imports by combining intraday electrical flexibility with demand rescheduling. When net cost minimization is the primary criterion, Scenario 2 proves most competitive, exploiting pumping flexibility and surplus compensation revenues. These findings highlight that storage technology selection in PV irrigation systems should be driven by the primary operational objective rather than by a single performance indicator.
García-Jiménez et al. (2026) studied this question.