From Conventional to Cognitive Drug Delivery: The Role of AI, Iot, and Bioelectronic Systems in Precision Medicine

The evolution of drug delivery systems from conventional formulations to intelligent, technology-driven platforms has transformed the landscape of precision medicine. Smart drug delivery systems integrate advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), wearable devices, biosensors, nanotechnology, and bioelectronic systems to enable real-time monitoring, personalized therapy, and adaptive drug administration. These systems continuously collect physiological data, analyze patient-specific responses, and optimize drug dosing to improve therapeutic outcomes while minimizing adverse effects. Wearable technologies, including insulin pumps, smart inhalers, transdermal patches, and microneedle-based devices, have demonstrated significant benefits in managing chronic diseases, cancer, neurological disorders, and hormonal therapies. AI-driven predictive algorithms and IoT-enabled connectivity facilitate remote monitoring, automated dose adjustments, and enhanced patient adherence. Furthermore, bioelectronic and nanotechnology-based approaches provide targeted and controlled drug release, advancing the concept of individualized treatment. Despite promising clinical applications, challenges related to data security, privacy, regulatory compliance, device reliability, and cost remain significant barriers to widespread adoption. Future developments are expected to focus on autonomous, self-regulating drug delivery systems capable of responding dynamically to physiological changes. Overall, the convergence of AI, IoT, and bioelectronic technologies is reshaping drug delivery and accelerating the transition toward patient-centered precision healthcare.