Train–track coupled dynamics problems in heavy-haul rail transportation

Train–track coupled dynamics problems are particularly prominent in heavy-haul railways, due to the strong coupling effects of longitudinal, lateral, and vertical interactions between long heavy-haul trains and rail infrastructure. Poor train–track dynamic interaction performance could lead to a series of dynamics problems that significantly influence train operational safety and maintenance costs. This paper presents a comprehensive state-of-the-art review of train–track coupled dynamics theory and its applications in heavy-haul rail transportation. Several critical heavy-haul train–track coupled dynamics problems are discussed, including longitudinal coupler force induced safety issues, wheel–rail wear and rolling contact fatigue, and infrastructure degradation due to train–track interactions. The evolution of vehicle–track coupled dynamics theory and its extended development to heavy-haul train–track coupled dynamics is described briefly. A systematic review of the modelling methodology for key elements in heavy-haul train–track coupled dynamics is presented. Field test results focusing on the modelling validation are also briefly presented. The practical applications of heavy-haul train–track coupled dynamics theory are comprehensively discussed. Guidance is provided on further improving the heavy-haul train–track coupled dynamics and identifying future challenging research topics on better solving complicate engineering problems due to heavy-haul rail transportation.