Every civilisation that has thought seriously about human life has asked the same question: what are we actually here for? Modern answers tend to collapse into productivity, accumulation, or pleasure. Ancient India offered something considerably more systematic — the doctrine of Purusartha, or the four legitimate aims of human existence. This article examines Dharma (righteous duty and moral order), Artha (material wealth and political power), Kama (desire, love, and aesthetic pleasure), and Moksha (liberation from the cycle of birth and death) as an integrated framework for a complete human life. Drawing on the Dharmashastra tradition, the Arthashastra of Kautilya, the Kamashastra, and the Upanishadic concept of liberation, the research explores how the four Purusarthas were never meant to be in conflict — but in sequence and in balance. The article further investigates what modern psychology's Self-Determination Theory, Abraham Maslow's hierarchy, and Viktor Frankl's logotherapy independently confirm about this ancient framework: that human beings require meaning, relationship, material sufficiency, and transcendence to flourish. The conclusion argues that the Purusartha framework remains one of the most sophisticated maps of human motivation ever constructed — and that modern life's epidemic of purposelessness is, in part, the result of having discarded it without replacing it with anything of comparable depth.
Narayan Rout (2026) studied this question.