Coalition warfare during the First World War profoundly reshaped relations between the belligerent powers and placed the sovereignty of many junior partners under considerable strain. The unprecedented scale of military technical cooperation, the growing predominance of military elites, and the systemic pressures of total war generated new forms of dependence embedded in command structures, financial arrangements, and infrastructural development. These wartime asymmetries conditioned post-war trajectories and constrained the capacity of weaker states to disengage from reliance on dominant allies. The Young Turk leadership of the Ottoman Empire remained keenly aware of these risks. Yet the exigencies of war compelled the Porte to deepen German strategic and technical involvement, since the key sectors of Ottoman infrastructure and socio-economic development remained inadequate even by the standards of 1914. Wartime modernisation efforts, though substantial, proved insufficient to offset the accelerating pace of military and industrial innovation among the major powers. The struggle to preserve even a limited degree of effective sovereignty therefore depended upon access to foreign resources, credit, expertise, and technology, without which Ottoman statehood itself appeared increasingly precarious. This article argues that coalition interaction within the Central Powers cannot be reduced to a straightforward model of external domination. Rather, it constituted a layered process of negotiated interdependence, operational compromise, and institutional adaptation. A reassessment of late Ottoman sovereignty and of intra-coalition relations within the Central Powers requires renewed attention to the historiography of the Ottoman fronts and a trans-imperial analytical framework attentive to reciprocal constraints, coalition dynamics, and the contingent nature of sovereignty in wartime.
Velikhan Mirzekhanov (2026) studied this question.