Reconsidering the Debates on Conditioned Dharmas in Early Buddhism

Philosophical disagreements between Vasubandhu and Saṃghabhadra concerning the ontological status of conditioned dharma have introduced tension within Abhidharma philosophy. This study outlines their interpretations to explore how the ontological status of dharma is determined by analyzing its relationship with the four conditioned characteristics- production, succession, deterioration, and destruction. Vasubandhu challenges the notion of dharma’s intrinsic reality, arguing that conditioned dharmas and their conditioned characteristics lack an intrinsic nature and exert causal efficacy solely in the present moment. In contrast, Saṃghabhadra argues that the conditioned dharmas and their conditioned characteristics exist as real entities across past, present, and future. While critically engaging with Saṃghabhadra’s Sarvāstivādin ontology, this paper draws particular attention to the Sautrāntika conception of temporality, to contextualise this debate within the broader philosophical milieu of early Buddhism. Through a comparative analysis, this paper clarifies the subtle ambiguities within both philosophical standpoints, highlighting their significance for early Buddhist metaphysical and temporal thought. This approach seeks to view Abhidharma not just as an ontological debate, but as an analytical reflection on the momentary and interconnected nature of existence.