Abstract The Bhagavad Gita stands as one of the most profound and influential spiritual-philosophical texts of the Indian intellectual tradition. Embedded within the Mahabharata, it is structured as a dialogic discourse between Lord Krishna and the warrior Arjuna on the battlefield of Kurukshetra. Arjuna’s intense moral dilemma and emotional breakdown on the eve of war become the catalyst for a comprehensive exploration of life’s deepest questions concerning duty, ethical responsibility, action, devotion, and self-realization. Through Krishna’s teachings, the Gita elucidates the interrelated concepts of dharma (duty), karma (action), bhakti (devotion), and jnana (knowledge), presenting them as complementary paths leading toward spiritual liberation. Central to its philosophy is the idea of performing one’s duty with detachment from the fruits of action, thereby cultivating inner balance, discipline, and equanimity. Far from being limited to a religious framework, the Bhagavad Gita functions as a practical guide to ethical living and psychological well-being. Its universal and humanistic vision continues to resonate across cultures and historical periods, affirming its enduring relevance in the modern world (Zaehner 23).
(English) et al. (2026) studied this question.