The government adopts various subsidies to support clean energy technological innovation, but their effectiveness and associated mechanisms need to be clarified. Thus, the various mechanisms of R however, innovation and development subsidies that focus on the research project do not suffer from this problem. Among NRDSs, excessive social security subsidies may lead to a dependency mentality among companies; however, enterprise support subsidies and energy conservation and environmental protection subsidies do not have such a problem. Moreover, RDSs can induce state-owned, large, and eastern companies to pursue strategic innovation, but also effectively promote substantive innovation among small companies and those in the central region.
Liu et al. (2026) studied this question.