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Based on the OpenAI ChatGPT, generative AI (Gen-AI) in education has transformed science by using contextual awareness to produce messages that resemble those of a person. Gen-AI, like ChatGPT, which OpenAI frequently employs, has gained popularity, particularly in the educational field. This study looks at many aspects that affect the uptake and real-world application of Gen-AI, such as ChatGPT, to enhance learning outcomes for students. The current study uses the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) to bolster our conceptual framework. This study examines data gathered from 482 university students in Pakistan using the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) approach. According to the results, Gen-AI adoption intention is significantly influenced by performance expectancy, effort expectancy, self-efficacy, hedonic motivator price value, and habit. This study also demonstrates that adoption intention has a substantial impact on Gen-AI actual use. Instructors must encourage the safe use of Gen-AI, such as ChatGPT, in order to preserve students’ critical thinking, abilities, and creativity in their assessments. In order to ensure that Gen-AI tools are used in assessments ethically and appropriately, educators will be essential in providing clear instructions and rules.
Ren et al. (2026) studied this question.