Design and fabrication of superhydrophobic microstructured grooved substrates to suppress the coffee-ring effect and enhance the stability of Sr element detection in liquids using LIBS

. The average relative standard deviations (ARSD) were 7.2% and 4.9%, respectively. These results demonstrate that the superhydrophobic microstructured grooved substrate effectively mitigates the CRE, thereby enhancing the detection sensitivity and prediction accuracy for heavy metals. This provides a robust reference for selecting platforms using LIBS technology in the pre-treatment process.